You do not need to talk to anyone to check the donation status or to explain why a donation may have been rejected. You can check the donation status using the same
Donations application you used to make the donation. Open the app and check the pane titled Recent Donations to the right of the Tithing and Other Offerings slip. There is an icon to the right of the donation date and amount that indicates the donation status. If what the icon represents is not clear to you what it means then click the Donations History tab in the Donations menu to the left of the Tithing and Other Offerings slip. Find the status in the Status column. If it says Completed then your donation went through before the bank account was closed. If the bank account was closed before the transaction could be completed then you will see something else, perhaps Canceled or Rejected.
You will have to set that new bank account up in your Church Account the same way you did your previous bank account and delete the old bank account to resubmit your donation.
If you need help with any of this you can speak with your ward clerk. He can check the status of the donation as well as guide you through deleting the old bank account and setting up the new bank account. If necessary, he can also get you the Global Services Department (GSD) Help number.